Patients may present with swelling, reduced urine, abnormal kidney tests, uncontrolled blood pressure, electrolyte disturbance or complications of diabetes and other illnesses. Evaluation uses clinical examination, blood and urine testing and ultrasound or additional imaging, with kidney biopsy when tissue diagnosis is needed. Treatment pathways include medicines and dietary measures, dialysis, vascular-access care, peritoneal catheter support or transplant assessment, including dedicated dialysis arrangements for selected seropositive patients. The goal is to preserve remaining kidney function, manage symptoms safely and provide timely renal replacement therapy when required.