Children may present with abdominal pain, a hernia, urinary or genital abnormality, congenital condition, reflux or a suspected mass. Assessment includes age-appropriate examination and relevant laboratory or imaging tests, with careful discussion of the diagnosis and proposed operation with parents or caregivers. Treatment may involve planned or emergency surgery such as appendicectomy, hernia repair, circumcision, correction of congenital anomalies or tumour removal, followed by paediatric recovery care. The department aims to correct the problem effectively while minimising distress, complications and disruption to healthy development.