Patients may present with painful or difficult urination, blood in urine, recurrent infection, flank pain, incontinence, prostate symptoms or a suspected urinary tract tumour. Evaluation may include urine and blood tests, ultrasound or other imaging, flow studies and endoscopic examination to identify the source and severity of the problem. Treatment ranges from medicines and monitoring to endoscopic, laser, laparoscopic or open procedures, with cancer pathways coordinated when necessary. The department aims to relieve symptoms, protect kidney and bladder function and restore urinary health with the least invasive suitable approach.