Children may present with recurrent urinary infection, swelling, blood or protein in urine, high blood pressure, electrolyte imbalance or a congenital kidney abnormality. Evaluation includes careful clinical examination, blood and urine testing and ultrasound or other imaging to clarify kidney structure and function. Treatment may involve antibiotics, medicines to control inflammation or blood pressure, fluid and dietary guidance and regular monitoring, with multidisciplinary support for complex disease. The department aims to preserve renal function, prevent complications and allow normal growth and daily activity.